In response to the leaders of China and Japan attacking each for the way they deal with history, scholars from Japan, China, and West held a conference in 2002, under the auspices of the Harvard Asia Center, to examine the Japanese invasion and occupation of China. The essays collected in this timely volume are the product of these scholars' research on this historical problem. Contributors include: Timothy Brook, John Dower, Kubo Toru, Chang Jui-te, Shao Minghuang, Tsukase Susumu, Xie Xueshi, Lu Minghui, Odoric Y.K. Wou, Ju Zhifen, Zhuang Jianping, Wei Hongyun, Frederic Wakemean, Jr., and Peter Merker.