New in paperback. Hardcover was published in 2011. The present study analyzes the livelihood security system of contemporary Japan in international comparison from a historical and gender perspective. The author argues that at present the livelihood security system of Japan is not only dysfunctional, but actually functioning in reverse, in a sense of furthering social exclusion. The study concludes with suggestions for a possible reconstruction of Japan's social security system, arguing for an increased role of the 'third sector' or 'social economy' in livelihood security and care provision.