Following an introduction by Rebecca Copenhaver, sixteen specially commissioned chapters by an international team of contributors discuss key topics, thinkers and debates, including: Hobbes; Descartes's philosophy of mind and its early critics; consciousness; the later Cartesians; Malebranche; Cavendish; Locke; Spinoza; Descartes and Leibniz; perception and sensation; desires; mental substance and mental activity; Hume; Kant.