Following an introduction by Stephan Schmid, thirteen specially commissioned chapters by an international team of contributors discuss key topics, thinkers and debates, including: mind and method; the mind and its illnesses; the powers of the soul; Averroism; intentionality and representationalism; theories of (self-)consciousness; will and its freedom; external and internal senses; Renaissance theories of the passions; the mind-body problem and the rise of dualism; the 'cognitive turn'.