New in paperback. Hardcover was published in 2018. This is the first book to study the development of the doctrine of salvation and hell within the classical Islamic intellectual tradition. Marco Demichelis draws on classical Islamic scholars, including Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyya, and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, to bring together concepts from Islamic philosophy, theology and mysticism - including proto-Sufism.