In Hope and Honor, Rachel L. Einwonher illustrates the Jewish struggle for survival during the Holocaust and the dangers in attempting resistance under unimaginable conditions. She draws on sources produced both by survivors and those who perished to show how Jews living under Nazi occupation in the ghettos of Warsaw, Vilna, and Lodz reached decisions about resistance. Employing social science theory on collective action and social movements, Einwohner shows that decisions about resistance rested on Jews' assessments of the threats facing them, and ironically, resistance took place only once people believed that there was no hope for survival.