New in paperback. Hardcover was published in 2017. During the war years, economist Kawakami Hajime, philosopher Miki Kiyoshi, and historian Ienaga Saburō - left-leaning thinkers with no special training in doctrinal studies and no strong connection to any Buddhist institution - seized upon modernized images of Shinran in exile and a transcendent Western Paradise to resist the demands of a state that was bearing down on its citizens with increasing force. This book treats the religious thought of these three major figures in English for the first time.