This book explores the function of dopamine neurons that spans from molecular, cellular, synaptic, and circuits to behavior, and finally, dysfunction in disease. This volume maps out the anatomical organization and molecular diversity of dopamine that is increasingly better understood through large scale analyses. It compiles the latest research from many prominent figures still involved in dopamine research with content included that reflects many new developments, such as genetic analyses, manipulations, optogenetics, fluorescent probes, real-time optical imaging, multichannel recordings, behavioral analyses, and human neuron modeling.