This book describes Japan’s efforts since 2015 to exit the deflationary ‘lost decades’ and chart a new economic course through digital and green transformation, as well as ‘new/ sustainable capitalism.’The chapters in this volume, by Japanese and non- Japanese experts, highlight the emerging path of change towards Society 5.0, the quest to combine green and growth, and continued obstacles for full participation of women. They especially highlight the need for Japan to invest in people again, matching ‘human- centred’ rhetoric with concrete policy commitments and implementation. Only then will Japan truly emerge from its ‘lost decades.’