This book targets recent progress in the exploration of functional polymeric structures of living matter, the design and fabrication of a broad range of biology-inspired polymer materials as well as their dedicated applications in the life sciences and beyond. The book covers both fundamental and applied research, showcasing the intricate and interconnected bioanalytical and preparative approaches that characterize contemporary biomaterials science. It features contributions from world-leading experts and emerging talents in the field, addressing enduring challenges with innovative methodologies and exploring newly emerging topics.