This edited book provides a comprehensive framework for the integration of mathematical methodologies into biological research, emphasizing applications that directly address topics related to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well Being) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). From the mathematical modeling of infectious diseases to the design of smart agricultural systems, each chapter presents key global issues where mathematical analysis is a powerful tool for driving progress. This work emphasizes the importance of mathematical models in predicting outcomes, optimizing interventions and understanding the dynamics of complex biological systems.