This book provides a powerful picture of the significance and centrality of islands in the Indo-Pacific region in the 21st century, far from an easily assumed benign peripherality and invisibility. It consists of nine chapters and examines four major challenges facing island societies, namely ‘aggressive environmental adaptation,’ ‘outmigration,’ ‘island borders,’ and ‘military fortification.’ The book relationally details how island geographies in the Indo-Pacific region become an assemblage of environmental, social, and political dynamics.