This guide offers a comprehensive review of clinically relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome for each surgical disease process. It provides a fundamental understanding of all surgical specialties, the opportunity for improved clinical performance, and an avenue for residents to reach their potential on yearly in-service training exams and the national board exam. The information is high yield, frequently tested, and can be quickly referenced in the clinical environment, or while taking practice exam questions. In addition, the conceptual basis of both the preoperative workup and surgical approach are underscored, and the rationale behind clinical decisions is emphasized.